Unit 41
• degradation: suy thoái, xuống cấp (n)~ deterioration
• microorganism: vi sinh vật (n)
• fungi: năm (n)→ fungus (số ít)
• antibiotics: kháng sinh (n)
• digest: tiêu hóa (v)→ digestion (n)
• property: đặc tính (n)~ quality
• decay: thối rữa, sâu mục (v, n)
• fertile: màu mỡ (a)→ fertiliser (n): phân bón
• indiscriminate: bừa bãi (a)
• nourish: nuôi dưỡng (v)→ nourishing (a)
Exercise
A. Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. Many cases of food poisoning are caused by……………………….. including bacteria and viruses.
2. One of the effects of environmental……………………….. is the absence of fish in that river.
3. Most plants are ………………………..by water drawn up through their roots.
4. Doctors have been criticized for their……………………….. use of antibiotics.
5. In order to turn the deserts into ……………………….. and productive land, engineers built an 800-mile canal.
6. Bacteria and ……………………….. are largely responsible for the breakdown of organic matter on Earth.
7. Plants and animals……………………….. into the soil, replenishing the minerals and nutrients.
8. One of the……………………….. of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well.
9. You should allow a little time after a meal for the food to………………………..
10. Meat from animals that receive……………………….. could not be classified as organic.
1 microorganisms
2 degradation
3 nourished
4 indiscriminate
5 fertile
6 fungi
7 decay
8 properties
9 digest
10 antibiotics
Unit 42
• glacial: băng giá (a)→glacier (n): sông băng
• unaccustomed: bất thường (a) ~ unusual
• famine: nạn đói (n)
• Medieval: (thời) Trung Cổ (a)
• reroute: định tuyến lại (v)
• perish: chết (v)→ perishable (a): dễ hư, dễ thối rửa
• culminate: lên đỉnh điểm (v)→ culmination (n): đỉnh điểm
• stem from: bắt nguồn từ (v)
• proliferate: nảy nở, tăng nhanh (v)→ proliferation (n): sự phát triển mạnh mẽ
• soar: tăng vụt (v) ~ increase rapidly
Exercise
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. Most people’s insecurities……………………….. something that happened in their childhood.
2. My arguments with the boss got worse and worse, and finally………………………… in my resignation.
3. Vietnam’s tech startups have……………………….. in recent years but the ecosystem needed to support these new ventures has yet to mature.
4. Another crop failure could result in widespread………………………..
5. Three hundred people………………………… in the earthquake.
6. All across Europe, wherever you look, marriage is in decline and divorce rates are………………………..
7. The plan entails……………………….. traffic through a tunnel to create a vast pedestrian area.
8. In ………………………..Europe, many women were accused of being witches and were burned at the stake.
9. The Olympic and world champion finished in the……………………….. position of sixth.
10.A……………………….. period is an interval of time that is marked by colder temperatures.
1 stem from
2 culminated
3 proliferated
4 famine
5 perished
6 soaring
7 rerouting
8 medieval
9 unaccustomed
10 glacial
Unit 43
• reckless: bất cẩn (a)
• potent: mạnh (a)~ powerful
• immune: miễn dịch (a) → immunity (n)
• inadequately: không đầy đủ (adv)~ insufficiently
• mutation: đột biến (n)
• adverse: có hại (a)~ harmful
• escalating: leo thang (a) → escalation (n)
• enemy: kẻ địch (n)
• perpetual: lâu dài (a)
• eradication: diệt trừ (n) → eradicate (v)
Exercise
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. Lack of time is a……………………….. problem for most PhD students.
2. Clear-cutting is the……………………….. of all trees from an area.
3. The vaccination doesn’t necessarily make you completely. ………………………..
4. A police investigation blamed the driver of the minibus for……………………….. driving.
5. It is rare to find a prominent politician with few political………………………..
6. The rapidly……………………….. price of food is severely impacting the poor in developing countries.
7. Even a small dose of alcohol can have a……………………….. effect on a person who is tired.
8. Lack of money will have an……………………….. effect on our research programme.
9…………………………. is, ultimately, the only way in which new variation enters the species.
10. Staff were………………………… trained and failed to carry out their duties.
1 perpetual
2 eradication
4 reckless
5 enemies
6 escalating
7 potent
8 adverse
9 Mutation
10 inadequately
Unit 44
• entwine: gắn liến, quấn chặt (v)
• manipulate: kiểm soát (v) → manipulation (n)
• dam: đập nước (n)
• aqueduct: máng dẫn nước (n)
• monumental: vĩ đại, đồ sộ (a)~ huge, enormous
• sanitation: vệ sinh (n) → sanitary (a)
• jeopardise: gây nguy hiểm (v) threaten
• priority: sự ưu tiên (n) → prioritise (v)
• infrastructure: cơ sở hạ tầng (n)
• opposition: sự phản đối (n) – resistance
Exercise
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. ………………………..is a structure like a bridge for carrying water across land in pipes or an open channel.
2. To reduce stress you may have to rethink your……………………….. in life.
3. This scandal could seriously……………………….. the president’s chances of being re- elected.
4. A lack of clean water and……………………….. were the main problems in poor countries.
5. The politician won the election because he successfully. ……………………….. the media.
6. Jewelry is often ………………………..with the ideas of luxury and wealth.
7. The unions are in……………………….. to the government over the issue of increasing the minimum wage.
8. It is a long-term task to rebuild……………………….. of a war-torn country such as the Angola.
9. Rebuilding health system institutions for the whole country of Libya is a……………………….. task.
10. Throughout the Roman Empire, ……………………….. were built for to store water for irrigation purposes.
1 Aqueduct
2 priorities
3 jeopardise
4 sanitation
5 manipulated
6 entwined
7 opposition
8 infrastructure
9 monumental
10 dams
Unit 45
• inevitable: không thể tránh được (a) ~ unavoidable
• proponent: người ủng hộ (n) ~ supporter, advocate
• employ: triển khai, sử dụng (v) ~ implement
• transparent: trong suốt (a) → transparency (n)
• melting: sự tan chảy (n) → melt (v)
• latitude: vĩ độ (n)
• scrutinise: xem xét kỹ (v)
• radiation: phóng xạ (n)
• inject: phun vào, tiêm vào (v) → injection (n)
• precipitation: lượng mưa (n)
Exercise
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. To get your first map, determine the……………………….. and longitude of the center of your new map.
2. To maintain the water’s clarity and purity, this wilderness area……………………….. ingenious purification methods.
3. When you’re working such long hours, it is……………………….. that your marriage will start to suffer.
4. In these areas ………………………..was formerly too low to support growth.
5. Nuclear testing has exposed millions of people to………………………..
6. Long a……………………….. of government health insurance, he pointed out that millions of Americans have no health insurance at all.
7. The information needs to be carefully………………………… before publication.
8. Phil’s a diabetic and has to……………………….. himself with insulin every day.
9. The……………………….. of the polar ice caps can cause floods.
10.Grow the bulbs in a ……………………….. plastic box, so the children can see the roots growing.
1 latitude
2 employs
3 inevitable
4 precipitation
5 radiation
6 proponent
7 scrutinised
8 inject
9 melting
10 transparent
Unit 46
• conduct: thực hiện (v)~ carry out
• literature: tài liệu (n)
• field: lĩnh vực (n)
• experiment: thí nghiệm (n) → experimental (a)
• participant: người tham gia (n)~subject
• objective: khách quan (a) → objectively (adv)
• statistical: thống kê (a) → statistics (n)
• finding: phát hiện (n)
• implication: tác động của nghiên cứu (n)
• references: danh mục tài liệu tham khảo (n) ~ bibliography
Exercise
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. The experiments were ………………………..by scientists in New York.
2. It’s important to keep up-to-date with the……………………….. in your field.
3. Grants will be given to establish laboratories in this………………………..of research.
4. Scientists are conducting ………………………..to test the effectiveness of the new drug.
5. ………………………..in the experiment also keep track of what they eat and drink over three days so their eating habits can be evaluated.
6. It’s hard for parents to be……………………….. about their own children.
7. You may think that this group of students study better than that one, but……………………….. analysis reveals that there is no difference between them.
8. This result conflicts the……………………….. of many previous studies.
9. The research has ……………………….. not only for this sub-field but also for the field of medicine as a whole.
10. The book is an invaluable source of……………………….. for the art historian.
1 conducted
2 literature
3 field
4 experiments
5 Participants
6 objective
7 statistical
8 findings
9 implications
10 reference
Unit 47
• fertilise: thụ tinh (v) → fertilisation (n)
• untangle: làm rõ, tháo gỡ (v)
• nurture: sự nuôi dưỡng (n)~ upbringing
• alternatively: mặt khác (adv)~ on the other hand
• heredity: sự di truyền (n) → hereditary (a)
• twist: sự thay đổi (đột ngột) (n)
• surge: sự tăng (đột ngột) (n)
• tie: liên kết (v)~ link
• rodent: loài gặm nhấm (n)
• unalterable: không thể thay đổi (a)# alterable
Exercise
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. A ……………………….. is a small mammal with large, sharp front teeth, such as mice and rats.
2. The study seems to show that……………………….. is more important than nature in shaping a child’s character and future prospects.
3. History readers sometimes can’t ……………………….. which parts of the past are truth, and which was invented.
4. The house is……………………….. to the job, so we’ll have to move when I retire.
5. Print copies of the newspaper are an ……………………….. historical record.
6. A tidal……………………….. caused severe flooding in coastal areas.
7. The disappearance of a vital witness added a new……………………….. to the case.
8. Diet and exercise can influence a person’s weight, but ……………………….. is also a factor.
9. The agency will make travel arrangements for you. ……………………….. you can organize your own transport.
10. Flowers are often……………………….. by bees as they gather nectar.
1 rodent
2 nurture
3 untangle
4 tied
5 unalterable
6 surge
7 twist
8 heredity
9 Alternatively
10 fertilised
Unit 48
• reluctant: miễn cưỡng (a) unwilling
• paleontologist: nhà cổ sinh vật học (n) → paleontology (n)
• irreversible: không thể đảo ngược (a) → reverse (v): đảo ngược
• qualify: nói rõ (1 văn đê) (v)
• probability: xác suất (n) → probable (a): có khả năng xảy ra
• medic: bác sĩ, sinh viên y (n)
• crop up: xuất hiện (v)~ appear
• appendage: phần phụ (n)
• reactivate: tái kích hoạt (v) → reactivation (n)
• sprout: mọc lên (v)
Exercise
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. Ben had to cancel his holiday and go back to work – a problem has ………………………..
2. I want to ……………………….. what I said earlier-I didn’t mean he couldn’t do the job, only that he would need supervision.
3. While some smokers may have caused ……………………….. damage to their lungs. quitting smoking will always lead to improved lung function.
4. One firefighter suffered burns to his neck, and was treated by ambulance ……………………….. at the scene.
5. When we flip a coin, there is always a ……………………….. to get a head or a tail is 50 percent.
6. It takes about three days for the seeds to ………………………..
7. The police file was ……………………….. because of new evidence.
8. The two ……………………….. hanging from the insect’s mouth are used to detect and taste food.
9. No ……………………….. has any clue as to what a living dinosaur actually looked like.
10. People are usually ……………………….. , to admit they are wrong.
1 cropped up
2 qualify
3 irreversible
4 medics
5 probability
6 sprout
7 reactivated
8 appendages
9 paleontologist
10 reluctant
Unit 49
• motto: phương châm (n)
• arson: đốt phá (n) → arsonist (n)
• prospective: tiềm năng (a)~potential
• deliberately: cố ý (adv)~ intentionally
• prosecution: truy tố (n) → prosecute (v)
• acquire: đạt được (v) → acquisition (n)
• articulate: nói rõ ràng (v)
• noble: cao thượng (a)
• fraud: lừa đảo (n)
• divergent: khác nhau (a) → divergence (n)
Exercise
Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. The English language is spoken throughout Scotland, but Scottish accents are strongly ………………………..from those in England.
2. Convicted of tax……………………….. he was sentenced to two years in prison.
3. I didn’t do it……………………….. it was an accident!
4. The interviewer should ask the……………………….. candidates a technical question to judge their ability.
5. A cinema was burned out in north London last night. Police suspect………………………..
6. It was a……………………….. effort to achieve a peaceful settlement to the conflict.
7. Many people are opposed to the new law, but have had no opportunity to ………………………..their opposition.
8. How long will it take to……………………….. the necessary skills for this job?
9. The company faces……………………….. for breaches of safety regulations.
10. The ………………………..printed on US currency is “In God We Trust.”
1 divergent
2 fraud
3 deliberately
4 prospective
5 arson
6 noble
7 articulate
8 acquire
9 prosecution
10 motto
Unit 50
• volatility: sự không ổn định (n)~ instability
• commentator: nhà bình luận (n)~ critic
• beneficiary: người thụ hưởng (n)
• magnitude độ lớn (n)~ immensity
• resilient: mau phục hồi (a) → resilience (n)
• peasant: bẩn nông (n)
• intermediary: trung gian (a)
• dictate: áp đặt (v)
• subscription: đăng ký (n) → subscribe (v)
• swing: sự sôi sụt (n)~fluctuation
Exercise
A. Fill in each blank with one word. You may have to change word form.
1. In a free market economy, it is the market forces of demand and supply that……………………….. prices.
2. A score of zero indicates absence of symptoms, three represents maximum severity, while scores of one and two are……………………….. statements.
3. Violent……………………….. in prices reflect market uncertainties and economic adjustments are needed.
4. Do you wish to take out a full twelve-month. ……………………….. to the magazine?
5. Reports about the 7.9 earthquake remain incomplete, but an earthquake of that ………………………..can do massive damage.
6. Political ……………………….. are predicting that the minister will have to resign after the scandal.
7. The economy is set to recover, despite recent stock market………………………..
8. Forty one percent of the……………………….. did not receive the full amount of money during the Covid-19 pandemic.
9. Recently, more and more……………………….. are leaving the farms to work in industry.
10.She’s a……………………….. girl – she won’t be unhappy for long.
1 dictate
2 intermediary
3 swings
4 subscription
5 magnitude
6 commentators
7 volatility
8 beneficiaries
9 peasants
10 resilient